Performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM System Using Predistortion Neural Network with Convolutional Coding Addition to Reduce SDR-Based HPA Nonlinearity
Abstract
In recent years, the development of communication technology has advanced at an accelerated rate. Communication technologies such as 4G, 5G, Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac), and Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) are extensively used today due to their excellent system quality and extremely high data transfer rates. Some of these technologies incorporate MIMO-OFDM into their protocol. MIMO-OFDM is widely used in modern communication systems due to its benefits, which include high data rates, spectral efficiency, and fading resistance. Despite these benefits, MIMO-OFDM has disadvantages, with the use of a nonlinear HPA being one of them. Nonlinear HPA causes in-band and out-of-band distortions in MIMO-OFDM signals. Utilizing predistortion (PD) is one way of solving this issue. PD is a technique that uses the inverse distortion of the HPA to compensate for the nonlinear characteristics of the HPA. To enhance the quality of MIMO-OFDM systems that the use of HPA has degraded, the convolutional coding (CC) method can be combined with the help of PD. Convolutional coding is a type of channel coding that can be used for error detection and correction. This study will evaluate a combined technique of PD neural networks (PDNN) and CC on the MIMO-OFDM system using Software Defined Radio (SDR) devices. The evaluation of this system led to the use of a technique that combines PDNN and CC to improve SNR and minimise BER on MIMO-OFDM systems that HPA on SDR devices has degraded. In addition, at code rates 1/2, 2/3, and 3/4, using PDNN reduces the SNR value required to achieve BER equal to 0 by 12.037%, 37.8%, and 4.10% when compared to Digital Predistortion (DPD).
Downloads
References
The State of Mobile Internet Connectivity Report 2022 [Internet], GSMA, 2022 [cited 9 March 2023], Available from: https://www.gsma.com/r/somic/.
Ericsson Mobility Report: More than half a billion 5G subscriptions by the end of 2021 [Internet], erricson, 2021 [cited 9 March 2023], Available from: https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2/2021/6/ericsson-mobility-report-indonesia-overview.
Arun KS, Neelam S, Saurabh D. Optimizing Resource Allocation of MIMO-OFDM in 4G and Beyond Systems. Advances in VLSI, Communication, and Signal Processing, 2020.
Borges D, Montezuma P, Dinis R, Beko M. Massive MIMO Techniques for 5G and Beyond—Opportunities and Challenges. Electronics, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141667
Cisco Systems Inc. 802.11ac: The Fifth Generation of Wi-Fi. Cisco, 2012.
Cisco Systems Inc. IEEE 802.11ax: The Sixth Generation of Wi-Fi. Cisco, 2019.
Ali F, Tan JM, Liau CF, Ervin GM, Manas KH. The Nonlinearity Effect of High Power Amplitude on OFDM Signal and Solution to Solve by Using PAPR Reduction. International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, & Automation (ICACCA), 2018.
Wang X, Li Y, Yu C, Hong W, Zhu A. Digital predistortion of 5G massive MIMO wireless transmitters based on indirect identification of power amplifier behaviour with OTA tests. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2019.2944828
Liu Z, Hu X, Xu L, Wang W, Ghannouchi FM. Low Computational Complexity Digital Predistortion Based on Convolutional Neural Network for Wideband Power Amplifiers. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2021.3109973
Srinu P, Padma RK, Bala SN. Capacity and BER performance improvement in integrated MIMO-OFDM system using optimal power allocation, channel estimation, and turbo coding. International Journal of Communication Systems, 2021.
Aravinda BT, Deergha RK. Performance Analysis of LDPC Coded Massive MIMO-OFDM System. International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET), 2020.
Arun A, Saurabh NM. PC-CC: An advancement in forward error correction using polar and convolutional codes for MIMO-OFDM system. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 2020.
Parag A, Vivek AB. End-to-End Theoretical Evaluation of a Nonlinear MIMO-OFDM System in the Presence of Digital Predistorter. IEEE System Journal, 2019.
Tingyu H, Weijun H, Tingxiao C, Huanhuan L. RLS-DPD Algorithm for Hybrid Precoding Architecture in MIMO-OFDM systems. IEEE 3rd International Conference on Electronic Information and Communication Technology, 2020.
Arun A, Saurabh NM. Performance analysis and design of MIMO-OFDM system using concatenated forward error correction codes. Journal of Central South University, 2017.
Ashish T, Munish R. Implementation of convolution coded OFDM through different channel models on SDR platform. International Journal of Information Technology, 2018.
Hendy B, I GPA, Amang S. An Implementation of Error Minimization Data Transmission in OFDM using Modified Convolutional Code. EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology, 2015.
Zhenzi W, Chen G, Dake L. Computational Complexity Analysis of FEC Decoding on SDR Platforms. Journal of Signal Processing Systems, 2016.
Ridlo Q, I WM, Satriyo D. Performance Comparison of SISO and MIMO-OFDM Based on SDR Platform. 3rd International Conference on Science and Technology - Computer (ICST), 2017.
Krishna KSP, Sagar S, Shine KP, Prem KN. Implementation of Digital Pre-Distortion for Power Amplifier Linearisation in Software Defined Radio. Twenty-third National Conference on Communications (NCC), 2017.
Muhammad WG, Naufal AP, Melki MG, Arifin, Yoedy M, Hendy B. Evaluation of the predistortion technique by neural network algorithm in MIMO-OFDM system using USRP. Journal INFOTEL, 2022.
C. Tarver, A. Balatsoukas-Stimming and J. R. Cavallaro, "Design and Implementation of a Neural Network Based Predistorter for Enhanced Mobile Broadband," 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SiPS), Nanjing, China, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SiPS47522.2019.9020606
Ravibabu T, Dharma RC. BER Analysis of spatial multiplexing and STBC MIMO-OFDM System. 4th International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS), 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCSyst.2018.8605151
Ali SA, Mustafa MH, Mohammed SA, Arshad MK, Maha F, Shihab HK. Channel Estimation using LS and MMSE Channel Estimation Techniques for MIMO-OFDM Systems. International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA), 2022.
Abdelhamid R, Mohamed B, Moha MH. Least Squares Channel Estimation of an OFDM Massive MIMO System for 5G Wireless Communications. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sciences of Electronics, Technologies of Information and Telecommunications (SETIT’18), 2018.
Kun CH, Ana GA. Low-Complexity Computation of Zero-Forcing Equalizers for Massive MIMO-OFDM. IEEE Conference on Vehicular Technology (VTC), 2019.
Adel AMS. Frequency-Independent and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinear Models of TWT Amplifiers. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1981.
Christian G, Xingquan Z, Oge M. Dropout vs batch normalisation: an empirical study of their impact to deep learning. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2020.
Gaurav S, Gaurav M. Experimental Investigation of Spectrum Sensing for LTE Frequency Band based on USRP 2920/VST 5644. International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT), 2016.
Gaurav S, Gurpreet K, Banga VK. Implementation & BER Analysis of 2×2 MIMO Using USRP 2920-Universal Software Radio Peripheral. Second International Conference on Computational Intelligence & Communication Technology, 2016.
Fadhel MG, Oualid H, Mohamed H. Behavioral Modeling and Predistortion of Wideband Wireless Transmitters. Wiley, 2015.
Copyright (c) 2023 EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright to this article is transferred to Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya(PENS) if and when the article is accepted for publication. The undersigned hereby transfers any and all rights in and to the paper including without limitation all copyrights to PENS. The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required. The undersigned represents that he/she has the power and authority to make and execute this assignment. The copyright transfer form can be downloaded here .
The corresponding author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors. This agreement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who have obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable. After submission of this agreement signed by the corresponding author, changes of authorship or in the order of the authors listed will not be accepted.
Retained Rights/Terms and Conditions
- Authors retain all proprietary rights in any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the Work.
- Authors may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the work or derivative works for the author’s personal use or company use, provided that the source and the copyright notice of Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya (PENS) publisher are indicated.
- Authors are allowed to use and reuse their articles under the same CC-BY-NC-SA license as third parties.
- Third-parties are allowed to share and adapt the publication work for all non-commercial purposes and if they remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute under the same license as the original.
Plagiarism Check
To avoid plagiarism activities, the manuscript will be checked twice by the Editorial Board of the EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology (EMITTER Journal) using iThenticate Plagiarism Checker and the CrossCheck plagiarism screening service. The similarity score of a manuscript has should be less than 25%. The manuscript that plagiarizes another author’s work or author's own will be rejected by EMITTER Journal.
Authors are expected to comply with EMITTER Journal's plagiarism rules by downloading and signing the plagiarism declaration form here and resubmitting the form, along with the copyright transfer form via online submission.
